From the Shorter Oxford: the proof that our verb "to write" originally meant to tear, cut or rip. From the Old Saxon word meaning to cut or score, the verb to write actually sounds very similar to the modern German word for rip or tear, "reiβen". The Angles, Saxons and Jutes, when they wrote at all, used a knife or sharp tool and cut runes, not Latin letters. Our alphabet came with the Catholic missionaries who brought Latin and Christianity to England.
When the Roman legions began to pull out of Britain in 410AD, the native Britons were placed in a precarious and untenable position. For hundreds of years they had had the most powerful military force in the world to protect them. Quite suddenly, that force was gone. They hoped that the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, Germanic tribes, would protect them from the Picts and Scots in the north who were disturbingly eager to overrun them.
This turned out to be a bad idea. Starting in 449AD, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes came and, liking what they saw, they stayed. Many Britons withdrew to Cornwall and Wales. In a way it was like inviting people over for a visit and having them kick you out of your house.
So why learn about these relatively remote Germanic tribes who decided to take over this small green island?
Well, they gave us our language. Sure, as time passed the English borrowed many words from other groups, including the Christian missionaries who brought Latin, the Vikings who contributed Old Norse, the Normans, who gave us many French words, and many others.
But the soul of the English language, the words that are the building blocks, the words that are learned by English speaking children at their mother’s (or father’s) knee, the words that are used in every sentence of English (including the word English itself) are nearly all from the Anglo-Saxons, as they came to be called.
From www.gutenberg.net (allowed to be used freely); the inscription says, “God spede ye plow and send us Korne enow”.
♦Why is English spelt so strangely?
♦Why are English and German so similar in many ways?
♦Why are Christmas and Easter actually celebrated on the dates of pagan festivals?
The Anglo-Saxons provide the answer to all these riddles.
They were brilliant at riddles themselves. Nearly a hundred of their riddles have come down to us. Here’s an example for you to try to solve. It is from http://www.abdn.ac.uk/english/beowulf/riddle.htm, where you can read others later if you have time.
An Anglo-Saxon Riddle
Iam all on my own,
Wounded by iron weapons and scarred by swords.
I often see battle.
I am tired of fighting.
I do not expect to be allowed to retire from warfare
Before I am completely done for.
At the wall of the city, I am knocked about
And bitten again and again.
Hard edged things made by the blacksmith’s hammer attack me.
Each time I wait for something worse.
I have never been able to find a doctor who could make me better
Or give me medicine made from herbs.
Instead the sword gashes all over me grow bigger day and night.
Helmet found at Sutton Hoo, an Anglo-Saxon burial site
Listen to Old English on the Ages of English Timeline at the trusty BBC website below. You may need to use your earphones. It sounds quite different from modern English, more German perhaps, and it is almost completely incomprehensible. And yet…every now and then, a word or a short sentence sounds very much the same. If you listen to the sound of the words rather than the words themselves, it can seem strangely familiar.
Listen, for instance, to the short passage from Beowulf at this link. The last four words of this passage sound very familiar indeed. Can you guess what they mean?
(First click on the ? on the top right so that you know how to use the timeline.)
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YOUR TASK: Create a Word file titled: The Ages of English
1. List the four days of the week that have come to us from the Anglo-Saxons and the four gods whose names they commemorate. (To find this out, click on Act 1, the beer mug.)
2. What kind of writing did the Anglo-Saxons initially use? What influenced them to change over to the Latin alphabet and what were some words of Latin origin that came into use at this time?
3. Listen carefully to the Old English words of the Anchor Riddle by clicking on the jester figure. Try making up a riddle using the same style (but of course in modern English). Write it in your document and if it is clever enough to share, copy it into a comment for others to read.
Sometimes I have dreams of how people will remember me. These dreams are sometimes positive and sometimes – well, sometimes a little embarrassing.
♥”She was a very good knitter. Look, she made me this scarf.”
♥”She was funny. Well, peculiar, actually.”
♥”She helped me on my first day of school when I got hopelessly lost and ended up in the cleaner’s broom cupboard.”
♥”Ever since she did that play dough mummification, I’ve decided I’d like to become an undertaker.”
Hmm, well. I know they’re not the most wonderful things to be remembered for, but they’re possibilities.
What would you like to be remembered for?
♥”That class was only here for one term before they took over the school.”
♥”That boy made a gadget that caused the i-Pad 2 to stop selling. Steve Jobs had to give him a job.”
♥”That girl became a great scientist and found a cure for breast cancer.”
♥”That boy figured out how to power Melbourne with recycled garbage from two high schools, four office blocks and an alpaca farm.”
♥”She was such a warm, kind person.”
♥”He was a wonderful father. Every night he told his children stories and they hung on his words.”
Everyone leaves some kind of legacy – and I don’t mean money. I mean an attitude of mind, a skill, an action or an achievement, hopefully one that is memorable and worthwhile, that lasts for many years and influences others.
Leonardo da Vinci - a great legacy (photo kindly provided by Dee McQueen)
The Colosseum - a legacy of great architecture and, less admirably, blood sports (photo kindly provided by Dee McQueen) Can you think of other arenas based on this concept?
In the context of a civilisation, a legacy means a special contribution that a civilisation leaves behind. It might include:
♦a memorable idea such as a special way of organising a society or dealing with a problem;
♦some kind of scientific knowledge;
♦an invention;
♦a monument;
♦a skill;
♦an impressive achievement in art, government, literature, etc;
♦something that later societies have admired and sought to emulate.
For instance, the ancient Sumerians are believed to have been the first to create a writing system. They pressed wedge-shaped marks into clay tablets. Many historians believe that this is what gave the Egyptians the idea of developing hieroglyphs.
Cuneiform – clipart kindly provided by www.phillipmartin.info (I always think that it would be wonderful if the first writing was created to write love poems or great literature. But no – someone wanted a receipt. Sigh. This is a material world.)
Here’s a quotation from an article about the 20-year history of the internet, by Guy Rundle in The Age on Sunday 15 March, 2009:
“Five thousand years ago, the invention of writing in Mesopotamia [Sumer] separated information from presence – a few strokes of cuneiform on a clay tablet established that meaning, intent, communication could be separated and transmitted without a person there to present it.
“From this event flows every modern institution of the state…”
That’s some legacy!
The ancient Egyptians had many achievements over the course of their long history. Their beautiful tomb paintings, for example, show us all about their lives on the Nile River. They drew figures in a way that changed little over the years. Can you think of other great and inspiring achievements that others might have built upon?
Egyptian peasants during harvest – note the side-on presentation of the bodies in classic Egyptian style
Image in public domain from wikimedia.commons
See what you can find out about the legacies of the ancient Egyptians at these sites.
Your task: Leave a comment describing the ancient Egyptian legacy you consider most interesting, significant or worthwhile. YOU MUST READ THE WEBSITES FIRST.
Then answer this question: What legacy would you as an individual like to leave behind? Another way to put this could be: How do you intend to leave the world a better place than you found it?
So why learn about these relatively remote Germanic tribes who decided to take over this small green island?
From www.gutenberg.net (allowed to be used freely); the inscription says, “God spede ye plow and send us Korne enow”.
♦Why is English spelt so strangely?
An Anglo-Saxon Riddle
Listen to Old English on the Ages of English Timeline at the trusty BBC website below. You may need to use your earphones. It sounds quite different from modern English, more German perhaps, and it is almost completely incomprehensible. And yet…every now and then, a word or a short sentence sounds very much the same. If you listen to the sound of the words rather than the words themselves, it can seem strangely familiar.
